363 / 432
R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 348 - 376, Maio/Agosto 2017
363
approach. So does their Peruvian counterpart. The latter embeds in its
section on “Contracts in General,” among its “General Provisions,” Article
1363: “Contracts produce effects only among the parties that executed them.
. . .”
69
Of course, it does not thus preclude the enforcement of a contract
legitimately intended to deviate from the standard enunciated. After all,
Article 1353 already declares the whole “section’s general rules” inoperative
if “incompatible with the specific rules applicable to” the contract in
question.
70
Indeed, Aníbal Torres Vásquez explains that the “rule articulated
[in Article 1363] allows many exceptions, in which the contract may
produce effects favorable or unfavorable to third parties.”
71
He mentions, as
one example among many, “liability insurance policies for harm caused by
automobile drivers, physicians,
etc
., establishing that the insurance company
will indemnify any victims (third parties to the insurance contract).”
72
More broadly, two parties may, under the express authorization
of Article 1457, enter into a “contract for the benefit of a third party,”
with one of them committing before the other one “to do something
for the benefit of a third party.”
73
Article 1458, in turn, echoes the law
in Argentina,
74
Nicaragua,
75
and Paraguay,
76
when it proclaims that: “The
right of the third party arises directly and immediately upon the execution
point au tiers, et elles ne lui profitent que dans le cas prévu par l’article 1121.”) (“Contracts have no effect except among
the contracting parties. They may not burden a third party; nor benefit him except as provided under Article 1121.); art.
1121 (“On peut pareillement stipuler au profit d’un tiers lorsque telle est la condition d’une stipulation que l’on fait pour
soi-même ou d’une donation que l’on fait à un autre.”) (“Similarly, one may contract in favor of a third party, as in a condi-
tion to an agreement that one undertakes for oneself or as in a donation that one makes for someone else.”).
69
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Peru) (1984), art. 1363 (“Los contratos sólo producen efectos entre las partes que los otorgan. . . .”).
70
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Peru) (1984), art. 1353 (“Todos los contratos de derecho privado . . . quedan sometidos a las reglas generales con-
tenidas en esta sección, salvo en cuanto resulten incompatibles con las reglas particulares de cada contrato.”) (“Every private
law contract is subject to this section’s general rules, except if they are incompatible with the specific rules applicable to it.”).
71 Torres Vásquez,
supra
note 57, at 2 (“esta regla presenta muchas excepciones por las que el contrato puede producir
efectos favorables o desfavorables para terceros.”).
72
Id
. at 34 (“Los seguros de responsabilidad civil por daños causados por conductores de vehículos, médicos,
etc
., que
establecen que la compañía aseguradora debe indemnizar a las víctimas (terceros ajenos al contrato de seguro).”)
73
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Peru) (1984), art. 1457 (“Por el contrato en favor de tercero, el promitente se obliga frente al estipulante a cumplir
una prestación en beneficio de tercera persona.”). Aníbal Torres Vásquez lists “[t]he contract in favor of a third party” as
an exception to the relativity principle. (“El contrato celebrado en favor de tercero.”) Torres Vásquez,
supra
note 57, at 11.
74
See
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Arg.) (2016), art. 1027 (quoted
supra
, note 60).
75
See
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Nicar.) (1904), art. 2492 (“Después de la aceptación del tercero, el prometiente está obligado directamente
para con él, a ejecutar su promesa, y el derecho del tercero queda asegurado con las mismas garantías que el estipulante
pactó.”) (“With his acceptance, the third party imposes a direct obligation to keep the promise in his favor on the promi-
sor. He thereby secures the same guaranties as agreed with the promisee.”)
76
See
C
d
. C
iv
.
(Para.) (1985), art. 730 (“… las relaciones entre el estipulante y el tercero serán juzgadas como si el contrato
se hubiere ajustado directamente entre ellos.”) (“. . .The relationship between the promisee and the third party will be
adjudicated as if the two had directly entered the contract with each other.”).