Direito em Movimento - Volume 19 - Número 1 - 1º semestre - 2021

95 Direito em Movimento, Rio de Janeiro, v. 19 - n. 1, p. 81-107, 1º sem. 2021 ARTIGOS right to freedom, equality, and adequate conditions of life, in an environ- ment of quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being’.The 1990 Ha- gue Declaration expressly acknowledges ‘the right to live in dignity in a via- ble global environment.’ 43 In 1992, Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration (UN, 1992) focused attention on the human-centered approach of environmental protection and sustainable development in particular: ‘Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.’ Two years later, the United Nation’s influential Ksentini Report is also explicit on the subject: Environmental damage has direct effects on the enjoyment of a se- ries of human rights, such as the right to life, to health, to a satisfac- tory standard of living, to sufficient food, to housing, to education, to work, to culture, to non-discrimination, to dignity and the har- monious development of one’s personality, to security of person and family, to development, to peace, etc. (UN, 1994) . Recently, the principal human rights organs of the United Nations have become increasingly explicit about the relationship between life, dig- nity, and a sustainable environment. In its General comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, (UN, 2019) 44 on the right to life, the UN Human Rights Committee ex- pressly defined the right to life as the right to live with dignity and noted in particular the need for a healthy and sustainable environment in order to ensure a life of dignity.This recognition imposes on the state Parties the obligations to ‘take appropriate measures to address the general conditions in society that may give rise to direct threats to life or prevent individuals from enjoying their right to life with dignity [including inter alia ] degrada- tion of the environment [and] deprivation of land, territories and resources of indigenous peoples (UN, 2019). Moreover, the Committee explained that ‘[i]mplementation of the obligation to respect and ensure the right to life, and in particular life with dignity, depends, inter alia, on measures 43 Hague Declaration on the Environment, the Hague, 11 March 1989, 28 International Legal Materials 1308. 44 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, General comment No. 36 Article 6: right to life, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/36 (2019).